function [max_lambda, predicted_list, corrected_list, combined_list, success, et] = cpf(casedata, loadvarloc, sigmaForLambda, sigmaForVoltage)
%CPF  Run continuation power flow (CPF) solver.
%   [INPUT PARAMETERS]
%   loadvarloc: load variation location(in external bus numbering). Single
%               bus supported so far.
%   sigmaForLambda: stepsize for lambda
%   sigmaForVoltage: stepsize for voltage
%   [OUTPUT PARAMETERS]
%   max_lambda: the lambda in p.u. w.r.t. baseMVA at (or near) the nose
%               point of PV curve
%   NOTE: the first column in return parameters 'predicted_list,
%   corrected_list, combined_list' is bus number; the last row is lambda.
%   created by Rui Bo on 2007/11/12

%   MATPOWER
%   $Id: cpf.m,v 1.6 2010/04/19 14:40:12 ray Exp $
%   by Rui Bo
%   and Ray Zimmerman, PSERC Cornell
%   Copyright (c) 1996-2010 by Power System Engineering Research Center (PSERC)
%   Copyright (c) 2009-2010 by Rui Bo
%
%   This file is part of MATPOWER.
%   See http://www.pserc.cornell.edu/matpower/ for more info.
%
%   MATPOWER is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
%   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published
%   by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License,
%   or (at your option) any later version.
%
%   MATPOWER is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
%   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
%   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
%   GNU General Public License for more details.
%
%   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
%   along with MATPOWER. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
%
%   Additional permission under GNU GPL version 3 section 7
%
%   If you modify MATPOWER, or any covered work, to interface with
%   other modules (such as M-files and MEX-files) available in a
%   Matlab (or compatible) environment containing parts covered
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%% define named indices into bus, gen, branch matrices
[PQ, PV, REF, NONE, BUS_I, BUS_TYPE, PD, QD, GS, BS, BUS_AREA, VM, ...
    VA, BASE_KV, ZONE, VMAX, VMIN, LAM_P, LAM_Q, MU_VMAX, MU_VMIN] = idx_bus;
[F_BUS, T_BUS, BR_R, BR_X, BR_B, RATE_A, RATE_B, ...
    RATE_C, TAP, SHIFT, BR_STATUS, PF, QF, PT, QT, MU_SF, MU_ST] = idx_brch;
[GEN_BUS, PG, QG, QMAX, QMIN, VG, MBASE, ...
    GEN_STATUS, PMAX, PMIN, MU_PMAX, MU_PMIN, MU_QMAX, MU_QMIN] = idx_gen;

%% assign default parameters
if nargin < 3
    sigmaForLambda = 0.1;       % stepsize for lambda
    sigmaForVoltage = 0.025;    % stepsize for voltage
end

%% options
max_iter = 400;                 % depends on selection of stepsizes
verbose = 1;
%% instead of using condition number as criteria for switching between
%% modes...
% % condNumThresh_Phase1 = 0.2e-2;  % condition number shreshold for voltage prediction-correction (lambda increasing)
% % condNumThresh_Phase2 = 0.2e-2;  % condition number shreshold for lambda prediction-correction
% % condNumThresh_Phase3 = 0.1e-5;  % condition number shreshold for voltage prediction-correction in backward direction (lambda decreasing)
%% ...we use PV curve slopes as the criteria for switching modes
slopeThresh_Phase1 = 0.5;       % PV curve slope shreshold for voltage prediction-correction (with lambda increasing)
slopeThresh_Phase2 = 0.3;       % PV curve slope shreshold for lambda prediction-correction

%% load the case & convert to internal bus numbering
[baseMVA, bus, gen, branch] = loadcase(casedata);
[i2e, bus, gen, branch] = ext2int(bus, gen, branch);
e2i = sparse(max(i2e), 1);
e2i(i2e) = (1:size(bus, 1))';
loadvarloc_i = e2i(loadvarloc);

%% get bus index lists of each type of bus
[ref, pv, pq] = bustypes(bus, gen);

%% generator info
on = find(gen(:, GEN_STATUS) > 0);      %% which generators are on?
gbus = gen(on, GEN_BUS);                %% what buses are they at?

%% form Ybus matrix
[Ybus, Yf, Yt] = makeYbus(baseMVA, bus, branch);

%% set up indexing
npv = length(pv);
npq = length(pq);
pv_bus = ~isempty(find(pv == loadvarloc_i));

%% initialize parameters
% set lambda to be increasing
flag_lambdaIncrease = true;  % flag indicating lambda is increasing or decreasing
if bus(loadvarloc_i, PD) == 0
    initQPratio = 0;
    fprintf('\t[Warning]:\tLoad real power at bus %d is 0. Q/P ratio will be fixed at 0.\n', loadvarloc);
else
    initQPratio = bus(loadvarloc_i, QD)./bus(loadvarloc_i, PD);
end
lambda0 = 0; 
lambda = lambda0;
Vm = ones(size(bus, 1), 1);          %% flat start
Va = bus(ref(1), VA) * Vm;
V  = Vm .* exp(sqrt(-1) * pi/180 * Va);
V(gbus) = gen(on, VG) ./ abs(V(gbus)).* V(gbus);

pointCnt = 0;

%% do voltage correction (ie, power flow) to get initial voltage profile
lambda_predicted = lambda;
V_predicted = V;
[V, lambda, success, iterNum] = cpf_correctVoltage(baseMVA, bus, gen, Ybus, V_predicted, lambda_predicted, initQPratio, loadvarloc_i);
%% record data
pointCnt = pointCnt + 1;
corrected_list(:, pointCnt) = [V;lambda];

%%------------------------------------------------
%% do cpf prediction-correction iterations
%%------------------------------------------------
t0 = clock;
%% --- Start Phase 1: voltage prediction-correction (lambda increasing)
if verbose > 0
    fprintf('Start Phase 1: voltage prediction-correction (lambda increasing).\n');
end
i = 0;
while i < max_iter
    %% update iteration counter
    i = i + 1;
    
    % save good data
    V_saved = V;
    lambda_saved = lambda;
    
    %% do voltage prediction to find predicted point (predicting voltage)
    [V_predicted, lambda_predicted, J] = cpf_predict(Ybus, ref, pv, pq, V, lambda, sigmaForLambda, 1, initQPratio, loadvarloc, flag_lambdaIncrease);
    
    %% do voltage correction to find corrected point
    [V, lambda, success, iterNum] = cpf_correctVoltage(baseMVA, bus, gen, Ybus, V_predicted, lambda_predicted, initQPratio, loadvarloc_i);

    %% calculate slope (dP/dLambda) at current point
    slope = abs(V(loadvarloc_i) - V_saved(loadvarloc_i))/(lambda - lambda_saved);

    %% instead of using condition number as criteria for switching between
    %% modes...
    %%    if rcond(J) <= condNumThresh_Phase1 | success == false % Jacobian matrix is ill-conditioned, or correction step fails
    %% ...we use PV curve slopes as the criteria for switching modes
    if abs(slope) >= slopeThresh_Phase1 | success == false % Approaching nose area of PV curve, or correction step fails
        % restore good data
        V = V_saved;
        lambda = lambda_saved;
      
        if verbose > 0
            fprintf('\t[Info]:\tApproaching nose area of PV curve, or voltage correction fails.\n');
        end
        break;
    else
        if verbose > 2
            fprintf('\nVm_predicted\tVm_corrected\n');
            [[abs(V_predicted);lambda_predicted] [abs(V);lambda]]
        end

        %% record data
        pointCnt = pointCnt + 1;
        predicted_list(:, pointCnt-1) = [V_predicted;lambda_predicted];
        corrected_list(:, pointCnt) = [V;lambda];
    end
end
pointCnt_Phase1 = pointCnt; % collect number of points obtained at this phase
if verbose > 0
    fprintf('\t[Info]:\t%d data points contained in phase 1.\n', pointCnt_Phase1);
end

%% --- Switch to Phase 2: lambda prediction-correction (voltage decreasing)
if verbose > 0
    fprintf('Switch to Phase 2: lambda prediction-correction (voltage decreasing).\n');
end
k = 0;
while k < max_iter
    %% update iteration counter
    k = k + 1;

    % save good data
    V_saved = V;
    lambda_saved = lambda;

    %% do lambda prediction to find predicted point (predicting lambda)
    [V_predicted, lambda_predicted, J] = cpf_predict(Ybus, ref, pv, pq, V, lambda, sigmaForVoltage, 2, initQPratio, loadvarloc);
    %% do lambda correction to find corrected point
    Vm_assigned = abs(V_predicted);
    [V, lambda, success, iterNum] = cpf_correctLambda(baseMVA, bus, gen, Ybus, Vm_assigned, V_predicted, lambda_predicted, initQPratio, loadvarloc, ref, pv, pq);

    %% calculate slope (dP/dLambda) at current point
    slope = abs(V(loadvarloc_i) - V_saved(loadvarloc_i))/(lambda - lambda_saved);

    %% instead of using condition number as criteria for switching between
    %% modes...
    %%    if rcond(J) >= condNumThresh_Phase2 | success == false % Jacobian matrix is good-conditioned, or correction step fails
    %% ...we use PV curve slopes as the criteria for switching modes
    if abs(slope) <= slopeThresh_Phase2 | success == false % Leaving nose area of PV curve, or correction step fails
        % restore good data
        V = V_saved;
        lambda = lambda_saved;

        %% ---change to voltage prediction-correction (lambda decreasing)
        if verbose > 0
            fprintf('\t[Info]:\tLeaving nose area of PV curve, or lambda correction fails.\n');
        end
        break;
    else
        if verbose > 2
            fprintf('\nVm_predicted\tVm_corrected\n');
            [[abs(V_predicted);lambda_predicted] [abs(V);lambda]]
        end

        %% record data
        pointCnt = pointCnt + 1;
        predicted_list(:, pointCnt-1) = [V_predicted;lambda_predicted];
        corrected_list(:, pointCnt) = [V;lambda];
    end
end
pointCnt_Phase2 = pointCnt - pointCnt_Phase1; % collect number of points obtained at this phase
if verbose > 0
    fprintf('\t[Info]:\t%d data points contained in phase 2.\n', pointCnt_Phase2);
end

%% --- Switch to Phase 3: voltage prediction-correction (lambda decreasing)
if verbose > 0
    fprintf('Switch to Phase 3: voltage prediction-correction (lambda decreasing).\n');
end
% set lambda to be decreasing
flag_lambdaIncrease = false; 
i = 0;
while i < max_iter
    %% update iteration counter
    i = i + 1;
    
    %% do voltage prediction to find predicted point (predicting voltage)
    [V_predicted, lambda_predicted, J] = cpf_predict(Ybus, ref, pv, pq, V, lambda, sigmaForLambda, 1, initQPratio, loadvarloc, flag_lambdaIncrease);
    
    %% do voltage correction to find corrected point
    [V, lambda, success, iterNum] = cpf_correctVoltage(baseMVA, bus, gen, Ybus, V_predicted, lambda_predicted, initQPratio, loadvarloc_i);

    %% calculate slope (dP/dLambda) at current point
    slope = abs(V(loadvarloc_i) - V_saved(loadvarloc_i))/(lambda - lambda_saved);

    if lambda < 0 % lambda is less than 0, then stops CPF simulation
        if verbose > 0
            fprintf('\t[Info]:\tlambda is less than 0.\n\t\t\tCPF finished.\n');
        end
        break;
    end
    
    %% instead of using condition number as criteria for switching between
    %% modes...
    %%    if rcond(J) <= condNumThresh_Phase3 | success == false % Jacobian matrix is ill-conditioned, or correction step fails
    %% ...we use PV curve slopes as the criteria for switching modes
    if success == false % voltage correction step fails.
        if verbose > 0
            fprintf('\t[Info]:\tVoltage correction step fails..\n');
        end
        break;
    else
        if verbose > 2
            fprintf('\nVm_predicted\tVm_corrected\n');
            [[abs(V_predicted);lambda_predicted] [abs(V);lambda]]
        end

        %% record data
        pointCnt = pointCnt + 1;
        predicted_list(:, pointCnt-1) = [V_predicted;lambda_predicted];
        corrected_list(:, pointCnt) = [V;lambda];
    end
end
pointCnt_Phase3 = pointCnt - pointCnt_Phase2 - pointCnt_Phase1; % collect number of points obtained at this phase
if verbose > 0
    fprintf('\t[Info]:\t%d data points contained in phase 3.\n', pointCnt_Phase3);
end

et = etime(clock, t0);

%% combine the prediction and correction data in the sequence of appearance
% NOTE: number of prediction data is one less than that of correction data
predictedCnt = size(predicted_list, 2);
combined_list(:, 1) = corrected_list(:, 1);
for i = 1:predictedCnt
    combined_list(:, 2*i)     = predicted_list(:, i);
    combined_list(:, 2*i+1)   = corrected_list(:, i+1);
end

%% convert back to original bus numbering & print results
[bus, gen, branch] = int2ext(i2e, bus, gen, branch);

%% add bus number as the first column to the prediction, correction, and combined data list
nb          = size(bus, 1);
max_lambda  = max(corrected_list(nb+1, :));
predicted_list = [[bus(:, BUS_I);0] predicted_list];
corrected_list = [[bus(:, BUS_I);0] corrected_list];
combined_list  = [[bus(:, BUS_I);0] combined_list];

if verbose > 1
    Vm_corrected = abs(corrected_list);
    Vm_predicted = abs(predicted_list);
    Vm_combined  = abs(combined_list);
    Vm_corrected
    Vm_predicted
    Vm_combined
    pointCnt_Phase1
    pointCnt_Phase2
    pointCnt_Phase3
    pointCnt
end
